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Creating a Healing Environment

Healing
Exposures
Chemical
Exposures
Radiation
Exposures
Other
Exposures
Integrative
Programs
More
Information

Some exposures are beneficial to health and wellness. These include nature, clean air and water, bright light in the morning and darkness at night.

However, a wide range of chemical and physical agents—both natural and human-generated—may damage our DNA and impact our health in many ways. As BCCT founder and author Michael Lerner has stated, it’s hard to be healthy on a sick planet. These exposures include air pollution, many chemicals, and several forms of radiation.

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Healing Exposures

Nature

Exposure to or immersion in nature is associated with significantly higher likelihood of good health or high well-being,² calmness, improved mood, and more positive social behavior.³

• Less anxiety, pain, and agitation among critically ill adults with nature-base sounds in a review of RCTs⁴
• Lower anxiety after time in a forest (whether following the forest bathing model or not), compared to time in urban settings or indoors, in a review of small to mid-sized controlled trials⁵
• Benefits to anxiety with forest bathing in a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses rated with moderate and low confidence⁶
• Lower anxiety levels among adults suffering from pre-hypertension or hypertension in a review of intervention studies⁷
• Lower anxiety scores among young adults, and especially among overweight people and women, in a review of two small RCTs⁸

The Japanese practice of "forest bathing" involves mindful immersion in a forested setting to take in all the sensory stimuli.

Nature and Your Body Terrain

Reviews, meta-analyses and other studies have found that forests and other natural environments have the following beneficial effects on human health:⁹

• Increase the likelihood of reporting good health or high well-being
• Increase immune function (human natural killer, or NK, activity, the number of NK cells) and the intracellular levels of anticancer proteins
• Reduce blood pressure, heart rate and stress hormones
• Increase the activity of parasympathetic nerves and reduce the activity of sympathetic nerves
• Increase the levels of serum adiponectin which regulate glucose levels and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, important in sex hormone production
• Lower scores on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test for anxiety, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion, and higher scores for vigor¹⁰

All these outcomes improve your body terrain, making it less hospitable to the growth and spread of cancer. Preliminary research shows that the benefit may be due in part to exposure to microbes.¹¹

Some ways to increase your exposure to nature:

• To regular outings for shopping or other errands, add a half-hour stop for a walk in a park, at a beach, in a wooded area, on a prairie or in whatever natural areas are near you. Engaging in physical activity in nature is likely to increase the health benefits.

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Clean Food, Water and Air

Consuming food, water and air uncontaminated with the chemicals listed below—or with lead, arsenic, mercury or other metals—is important for giving your body the materials it needs to fight infection and heal.

Some ways to increase your exposure to clean food, water and air:

• Purchase organically grown food when you can. Not only will you be consuming fewer pesticide residues, but you’ll be helping to keep runoff chemicals from our water supplies.

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Light

Light in the correct color spectrum and at the right time of day is beneficial to health and healing. Our natural rhythms of hormones promote healthy cycles of wakefulness and sleep throughout the day, and light influences these hormone and sleep cycles. Preliminary research shows that bright light therapy in the morning can improve sleep in people with cancer.¹³

Bright daytime light may also lead to better mood: Women with mild to moderate depressive symptoms reported significantly better scores in all five measures of depression in a small randomized trial. An intervention combining a brisk 20-minute outdoor walk, increased light exposure throughout the day and  a vitamin regimen had high adherence for eight weeks. The goal of the walk was to increase target heart rate of 60% of maximum, and the supplements included vitamins B₁, B_6, B_2, B₉, D, and selenium.¹⁴

However, the wrong type of light or at the wrong time of day might be a problem.

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Chemical Exposures

Air Pollution

Outdoor air pollution comes to mind when many people think of air pollution, and without a doubt the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and other air toxicants from vehicles, industry, burning and mining create an unhealthy environment. However, indoor air in many buildings is also likely to contain toxics in harmful concentrations.

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Reduce the use of products that off-gas toxic chemicals into your home:
  • Air fresheners
  • Dryer sheets
  • Plastic items, especially vinyl products
  • Cleaning products containing chlorine, ammonia or solvents

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Bisphenol A (BPA)

BPA has been removed in recent years from many baby products due to safety concerns—concerns that also relate to hormone-affected cancers. BPA—and replacement chemicals that unfortunately may not be any better—is still added to many plastic products and other everyday items. Some examples:

Expand list

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Avoid food and beverages packed in containers containing BPA, including many plastic bottles and steel cans. BPA-free plastic products made with BPA replacements may have similar health effects as BPA.
• Use metal or glass food and beverage storage containers.
• Avoid heating polycarbonate plastic (#7), or indeed any plastic, in a microwave oven, as heating can increase the rate of leaching or degrade the plastic over time. Washing plastic in hot water, such as in a dishwasher, also degrades it.
• Avoid handling cash register receipts.

Flame Retardants

Flame-retardant chemicals are added to fabrics and upholstery, polyurethane foam cushions and mattresses, and many appliances and electronics. Over time, these chemicals leach from products into dust and into the air, from which they can be inhaled. Chemicals may also adhere to hands and are transferred to food.

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Keep dust levels down by dusting with a damp rag, wet mopping and vacuuming with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter to help remove contaminants from your home.

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Pesticides

Pesticides include all products meant to kill, repel or control living organisms: herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, nematacides, fungicides, and so on. Hundreds of pesticides, in many classes, each have their own toxicological effects. Exposures to certain pesticides are associated with several types of cancers. Besides agricultural use, pesticides are used in huge quantities in many other places:

• Parks and playgrounds
• Golf courses and lawns
• Home gardens
• Inside homes and other buildings
• On our bodies in the form of insect repellents, lice treatments, preservatives in cosmetics and other products

A large prospective study in France found that higher frequency of organic food consumption was associated with a reduced risk of cancer.²³

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Make pests unwelcome in your home or office: remove entry points and sources of food and water.

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Plastic

Plastic is so endemic in our world that we use it in all aspects of our lives: clothing, furniture and appliances, building materials, transportation, entertainment, dishes and cookware, and packaging—including food packaging. Unfortunately, many types of plastic are associated with cancer and cancer processes such as hormone disruption and immune-system depression.²⁴

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Take an inventory of all the plastic items in your home and workplace and determine what you might find alternatives for. Focus on those items which involve food or that are exposed to heat, which may promote off-gassing. Some examples of alternatives:
• Ceramic, glass, wood or metal dishes, cookware and storage products
• Fabric shower curtains or glass shower doors
• Wool, cotton, bamboo and hemp clothing and fabrics instead of polyester or nylon. Rayon is better than plastic fibers but not ideal.²⁵
• Do not heat food in plastic containers, using glass or ceramics instead. Washing plastic in hot water, such as in a dishwasher, also degrades it and increases the movement of toxic chemicals into food.
• Reduce the amount of needless plastic you bring into your home, such as plastic grocery bags and superfluous packaging.

Solvents and Alcohol

Solvents are used mainly in cleaning products and processes, although ethanol—consumed in wine, beer and liquor—is also a solvent. Common sources of exposure:

• Dry-cleaned fabrics
• Paints and furniture finishes, plus products used to clean or remove these
• Cosmetics, especially nail polishes and nail polish removers
• Cleaning products, especially de-greasers, vehicle cleaners, glass cleaners and stain removers

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Check cleaning product and cosmetic labels for ingredients that have solvent endings of -ol, -one, -ene or -ane and find alternatives if possible. Some examples of solvents in cleaners:

Expand list

• If you must use solvent-based cleaners, store products in tightly-closed containers away from your living space if possible. When using these products, open a window or use an exhaust fan.
• Look for cosmetics and personal care products that do not contain solvents.
• Reduce your consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Radiation Exposures

Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation is a well-established cause of cancer. By 2006, almost half of the typical American exposure to ionizing radiation had come from medical devices such as x-rays and especially from computed tomography (CT) scans.²⁸ Other sources of ionizing radiation exposures:

• Radon seeping into buildings from the ground and becoming concentrated in indoor spaces
• Cosmic rays, which increase at high elevations (such as when flying)
• Airport security backscatter x-ray machines

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Check your house radon levels and if needed reduce them through improved ventilation or by addressing cracks and gaps that allow seepage into your home.

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Electromagnetic Energy/Non-Ionizing Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) energy, specifically non-ionizing radiation, comes from both wired and wireless devices. Cell phones and their towers emit radiofrequency radiation (RF) while power lines and appliances emit extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF). Other sources of non-ionizing radiation:

• Ultraviolet radiation from sunshine, tanning beds and to a lesser degree artificial lights (mercury vapor, halogen, fluorescent, and incandescent lights)
• Microwave devices

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Protect your skin from excess sunshine and limit exposures from 10am to 3pm.

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Other Exposures

Particulates in air, loud sound and noise, mold, and bacterial or viral pathogens can also affect your health and well-being.

What you can do to reduce exposures:

• Reduce sources of particulates in your home, car and other environments
• Inefficient wood stoves and fireplaces
• Cigarettes, cigars and candles
• Inadequately vented gas stoves, furnaces and space heaters

Read more

Integrative Programs, Protocols and Medical Systems

• Programs and protocols
• Alschuler & Gazella complementary approaches³³
• Block program³⁴
• Cohen & Jefferies Mix of Six anticancer practices³⁵
• Geffen Seven Levels of Healing³⁶
• Lemole, Mehta & McKee protocols³⁷
• MacDonald breast cancer program³⁸
• McKinney protocols³⁹
• Traditional systems
  • Ayurveda
  • Traditional Chinese medicine

Written by Nancy Hepp, MS, and reviewed by Laura Pole, RN, MSN, OCNS; most recent update on November 9, 2020.

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3. Pieters HC, Ayala L et al. Gardening on a psychiatric inpatient unit: cultivating recovery. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2019 Feb;33(1):57-64.
4. Thrane SE, Hsieh K et al. Could complementary health approaches improve the symptom experience and outcomes of critically ill adults? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019 Dec;47:102166.
5. Farrow MR, Washburn K. A review of field experiments on the effect of forest bathing on anxiety and heart rate variability. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2019 May 16;8:2164956119848654.
6. Stier-Jarmer M, Throner V et al. The psychological and physical effects of forests on human health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Feb 11;18(4):1770.
7. Yau KK, Loke AY. Effects of forest bathing on pre-hypertensive and hypertensive adults: a review of the literature. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 2020 Jun 22;25(1):23.
8. Wen Y, Yan Q, Pan Y, Gu X, Liu Y. Medical empirical research on forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku): a systematic review. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 2019 Dec 1;24(1):70.
9. Li Q. [Effect of forest bathing (shinrin-yoku) on human health: a review of the literature]. [Article in French] Sante Publique. 2019 May 13;S1(HS):135-143; White MP, Alcock I et al. Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):7730. Published 2019 Jun 13. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3; Antonelli M, Barbieri G, Donelli D. Effects of forest bathing (shinrin-yoku) on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2019;63(8):1117‐1134; Li Q, Nakadai A et al. Phytoncides (wood essential oils) induce human natural killer cell activity. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2006;28(2):319‐333.
   
10. Park BJ, Tsunetsugu Y, Kasetani T, Kagawa T, Miyazaki Y. The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 2010;15(1):18‐26.
11. Robinson JM, Mills JG, Breed MF. Walking ecosystems in microbiome-inspired green infrastructure: an ecological perspective on enhancing personal and planetary health. Challenges. 2018;9(2):40; Nielsen CC, Gascon M et al. Natural environments in the urban context and gut microbiota in infants. Environment International. 2020 Sep;142:105881.
12. Ulrich RS. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science. 1984;224(4647):420‐421.
13. Wu LM, Amidi A et al. The effect of systematic light exposure on sleep in a mixed group of fatigued cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2018 Jan 15;14(1):31-39.
14. Brown MA, Goldstein-Shirley J, Robinson J, Casey S. The effects of a multi-modal intervention trial of light, exercise, and vitamins on women's mood. Women Health. 2001;34(3):93-112.
15. Harvard Health Letter. Blue light has a dark side. Harvard Health Publications. September 2, 2015. Viewed March 29, 2018.
16. Leproult R, Colecchia EF, L'Hermite-Balériaux M, Van Cauter E. Transition from dim to bright light in the morning induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 Jan;86(1):151-7; Nesbitt AD. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2018 Jan;10(Suppl 1):S103-S111.
17. Weichenthal S, Olaniyan T et al. Within-city spatial variations in ambient ultrafine particle concentrations and incident brain tumors in adults. Epidemiology. 2019 Nov 6. 
18. Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ et al. Associations between incident breast cancer and ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide from a national land use regression model in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Environment International. 2019 Dec;133(Pt B):105182.
19. Wang N, Mengersen K et al. Short-term association between ambient air pollution and lung cancer mortality. Environmental Research. 2019 Dec;179(Pt A):108748.
20. Turner MC, Krewski D et al. Ambient air pollution and cancer mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017 Aug 21;125(8):087013.
21. Deng H, Eckel SP et al. Particulate matter air pollution and liver cancer survival. International Journal of Cancer. 2017 Aug 15;141(4):744-749.
22. Fernández E, Ballbè M et al. Particulate matter from electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes: a systematic review and observational study.Current Environmental Health Reports. 2015 Dec;2(4):423-9.
23. Baudry J, Assmann KE et al. Association of frequency of organic food consumption with cancer risk: findings from the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1597-1606.
24. Rustagi N, Pradhan SK, Singh R. Public health impact of plastics: an overview. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2011 Sep;15(3):100-3.
25. Plastic Is Rubbish. Regenerated Fibres & Fabrics. Viewed March 29, 2018.
26. Eberle CE, Sandler DP, Taylor KW, White AJ. Hair dye and chemical straightener use and breast cancer risk in a large US population of black and white women. International Journal of Cancer. 2019 Dec 3.
27. Zhang Y, Birmann BM et al. Personal use of permanent hair dyes and cancer risk and mortality in US women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;370:m2942.
28. Laffall LD, Kripke ML. Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Can Do Now. President’s Cancer Panel. 2010.
29. Warille AA, Altun G et al. Skeptical approaches concerning the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields on brain hormones and enzyme activities. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure. 2017 Oct-Dec;5(4):177-184.
30. Lewczuk B, Redlarski G et al. Influence of electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields on the circadian system: current stage of knowledge. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:169459.
31. Halgamuge MN. Critical time delay of the pineal melatonin rhythm in humans due to weak electromagnetic exposure. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 2013 Aug;50(4):259-65.
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33. Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. Berkeley, California: Celestial Arts. 2010; Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Thriving after Cancer: A Five-Step Integrative Plan to Reduce the Risk of Recurrence and Build Lifelong Health. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 2013.
34. Block KI. Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment. New York: Bantam Dell. 2009.
35. Cohen L, Jefferies A. Anticancer Living: Transform Your Life and Health with the Mix of Six. New York: Viking. 2018.
36. Geffen J. The Journey Through Cancer: An Oncologist's Seven-Level Program for Healing and Transforming the Whole Person. New York, New York: Three Rivers Press. 2006.
37. Lemole G, Mehta P, McKee D. After Cancer Care: The Definitive Self-Care Guide to Getting and Staying Well for Patients with Cancer. New York, New York: Rodale, Inc. 2015.
38. MacDonald B. The Breast Cancer Companion: A Complementary Care Manual: Third Edition. 2016.
39. McKinney N. Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition. Victoria, BC, Canada: Liaison Press. 2016.

View All References

More Information

Environmental exposures and cancer

• Science & Environmental Health Network's The Networker: Cancer & The Environment: A Symposium Report
• 2019 Cancer and the Environment Symposium: Priorities for Research, Policy and Clinical Practice: Event Materials
• Laffall LD, Kripke ML. Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Can Do Now. President’s Cancer Panel. 2010.
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Cancer Research and Resources
• International Agency for Research on Cancer: List of Classifications
• Silent Spring Institute: Breast Cancer and the Environment
• Field RW, Withers BL. Occupational and environmental causes of lung cancer. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2012 Dec;33(4):681-703.
• Verywell Health: Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Cancer

Nature

• Florence Williams: The Nature Fix: Why nature makes us happier, healthier, and more creative
• Verywell Fit: How to Find and Join a Walking Club
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Global Environment (last section, Natural Environment)
• Harvard Health Blog: Can forest therapy enhance health and well-being?
• Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine Body of Wonder podcast: Episode #10 Forest Bathing—Combating Modern Society's Nature Deficit with Suzanne Hackenmiller
• Cancer.Net: The Healing Power of Being Outdoors for People with Cancer

Light

• Harvard Health Letter: Blue light has a dark side
• ResMed: Darkness Matters—How Light Affects Sleep
• Polyphasic Society: Night lighting—protecting your hormones

Air pollution

• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Built Environment
• Tox Town: Particulate Matter
• Because Health: Thinking of Buying an Air Purifier?

Water pollution and water filters

• Minnesota Department of Health: Point-of-Use Water Treatment Units for Lead Reduction
• NSF International: Drinking Water Filters, Testing and Treatment

BPA and endocrine-disrupting chemicals

• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: Bisphenol A (BPA)
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Bisphenol A
• The Endocrine Disruption Exchange: Endocrine Disruption
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
• Because Health: What’s the Deal with BPA?
• Unpacked
• Verywell Health: Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Cancer

Flame retardants

• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Flame Retardants
• Tox Town: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
• Because Health: What Are Flame Retardants?

Metals

• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Arsenic
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Lead
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Practice Prevention: Mercury

Pesticides

• Beyond Pesticides: Gateway on Pesticide Hazards and Safe Pest Management
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Pesticides
• Tox Town: Pesticides
• Environmental Working Group: 
  • Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce
  • EWG Tests of Hummus Find High Levels of Glyphosate Weedkiller

Plastics

• Plastic Is Rubbish: A Guide to Living Plasticless
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Practice Prevention: Plastics

Solvents

• Tox Town: Solvents
• The Best Organic Skin Care: The Best Non-Toxic Nail Polish Brands and Where to Buy Them

Radiation

• The Bioinitiative Report 2012
• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Practice Prevention: Electromagnetic Fields
• World Health Organization: Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures
• Environmental Protection Agency: Radiation and Airport Security Scanning
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
  • Radiation and Your Health: The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Non-ionizing Radiation
  • Radiation and Your Health: The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Ionizing Radiation
  • Ultraviolet Radiation
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Environmental Working Group: 8 Little-Known Facts about Sunscreens
• Anticancer Lifestyle Program:
  • Cancer Prevention Advice from an Oncology Nurse (video)
  • Do You Really Need to Worry About Your Cell Phone?

Noise

• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: Built Environment
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Controls for Noise Exposure
• Apartment Therapy: How to Reduce Ambient Noise at Home, Inside and Out
• Because Health: Noisy Neighbors Making You Mad?

Purchasing guides

• National Library of Medicine: Household Products Database
• Environmental Working Group:
  • Healthy Living App
  • Skin Deep Cosmetics Database
  • Tap Water Database
  • Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce™
• Anticancer Lifestyle Program: The Healthy Kitchen: Reducing Toxins and Chemical Exposures

Ecological Models of Health

• Collaborative on Health and the Environment: The Big Picture

More from Our Resources Database

• University of Arizona: Body of Wonder
• Kelly A. Turner: Radical Hope: Ten Healing Factors from Exceptional Survivors of Cancer and Other Diseases
• Gurdev Parmar and Tina Kaczor: Textbook of Naturopathic Oncology
• Lise Alschuler and Karolyn Gazella: Managing Stress during Difficult Times
• Anticancer Lifestyle Foundation: Anticancer Lifestyle Program
• Live by Living
• Dr. Michael Ruscio: Dwight McKee Podcast
• Blake Gossard, editor: Disease Prevention and Treatment
• Cancer Treatment Centers of America: What are environmental risk factors, and how can I avoid them?
• J. Christopher States, Ming Ouyang and C. William Helm: Systems approach to identify environmental exposures contributing to organ-specific carcinogenesis
• The New School at Commonweal: Dwight McKee, MD: 40 Years Practicing Integrative Cancer Medicine, Part 1
• The New School at Commonweal: Dwight McKee, MD: 40 Years Practicing Integrative Cancer Medicine, Part 2
• The New School at Commonweal: Ted Schettler: The Ecology of Breast Cancer
• Ted Schettler, MD, MPH: The Ecology of Breast Cancer: The Promise of Prevention and the Hope for Healing
• American Institute for Cancer Research: Cancer Health Check
• Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO, and Karolyn Gazella: The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition
• Keith I. Block, MD: Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment
• Lorenzo Cohen and Alison Jefferies: Anticancer Living: Transform Your Life and Health with the Mix of Six
• Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary: The C-Word
• Jeremy R. Geffen, MD, FACP: The Seven Levels of Healing®: Celebrating Life and Spirit on the Journey through Cancer
• Michael Lerner: Choices In Healing: Integrating the Best of Conventional and Complementary Approaches to Cancer