Yoga (Hatha)
Also known by these names
- Ananda yoga
- Anusara yoga
- Ashtanga yoga
- Bikram yoga
- Integral yoga
- ISHTA (Integrated Science of Hatha, Tantra, and Ayurveda)
- Iyengar yoga
- Jivamukti yoga
- Kali Ray TriYoga
- Kripalu yoga
- Kundalini yoga
- Phoenix Rising Yoga Therapy
- Power yoga
- Sivananda yoga
- Svaroopa yoga
- Tibetan yoga
- Viniyoga
- Vinyasa yoga
- White Lotus yoga
For information on the most common types of yoga, see Yoga Medicine's Types of Yoga: A Guide to the Different Styles.
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Key Points
- Yoga involves regulated breathing, moving through various postures and stretches, and meditation to achieve physical and emotional health benefits.
- BCCT’s interest in yoga is in its ability to reduce stress; improve quality of life and sleep and reduce fatigue, joint pain and hot flashes in cancer patients and survivors.
- Yoga’s risks are generally low, but there are some medical conditions that may preclude its practice.
- Many hospitals, clinics and other health facilities offer yoga classes.
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Author
 Nancy Hepp, MS, BCCT Project Manager
Read more Ms. Hepp is a science researcher and communicator who has been writing and editing educational content on varied health topics for more than 20 years. View profile. Reviewer
 Laura Pole, RN, MSN, OCNS, BCCT Senior Researcher
Read more Ms. Pole is an oncology clinical nurse specialist who has been providing integrative oncology clinical care, navigation, consultation and education services for more than 30 years. View profile. Last updated October 6, 2021.
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Hatha yoga is an ancient East Indian movement practice and discipline that is part of the larger system of yoga. It has been practiced for thousands of years, with many different styles evolving over the centuries. Hatha yoga involves regulated breathing, moving through various poses (asanas) and stretches, and meditation to achieve physical and emotional health benefits.
Clinical Practice Guidelines
2009 evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for integrative oncology: Mind-body modalities are recommended as part of a multidisciplinary approach to reduce anxiety, mood disturbance, chronic pain, and improve quality of life. Yoga is listed as one of the mind-body modalities.
Optimizing Your Body Terrain
Lower markers of inflammation with yoga compared to controls or baseline in a review of RCTs and other trials not specific to cancer
Managing Side Effects and Promoting Wellness
Managing or relieving side effects or symptoms, reducing treatment toxicity, supporting quality of life or promoting general well-being
Clinical Evidence
Evidence shows yoga can reduce stress, increase a sense of well-being, improve quality of life, and impart more restful sleep in both newly diagnosed and long-term cancer survivors. Yoga has also reduced fatigue, joint pain and the number of hot flashes a patient experiences, while also increasing vigor. These effects have been found with specific cancers:
- Improved quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy
- Increased forced expiratory volume in non-small cell lung cancer patients
- Improved sleep quality for lymphoma survivors
Read more
Anxiety
Modest evidence of benefit among people with cancer and other conditions
- Less anxiety in the short term among people with breast cancer practicing yoga in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Less anxiety among women with breast cancer, but only when practiced for longer than three months, compared to no intervention in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Fewer anxiety symptoms with yoga compared to non-mindful exercise in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Small short-term effects on anxiety among people with anxiety disorders or elevated levels of anxiety compared to no treatment but large effects when compared to active control interventions in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Comparable impact on anxiety with either yoga, physical therapy, or education among adults with chronic low back pain from a racially diverse, low-income community, but fewer anxious symptoms among those who had mild or moderate anxiety at baseline in a small RCT
- No improvement in stress and anxiety scores among people working from home during the Covid pandemic with an online yoga intervention in a small RCT
Depression
- Less depression in the short term among people with breast cancer in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Better mental well-being and less depression among people working from home during the Covid pandemic with an online yoga intervention in a small RCT
- Comparable impact on depression with either yoga, physical therapy, or education among adults with chronic low back pain from a racially diverse, low-income community, but fewer anxious symptoms among those who had mild or moderate anxiety at baseline in a small RCT
- Small short-term effects on depression among people with anxiety disorders or elevated levels of anxiety compared to no treatment in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Small improvements in depression among people with breast cancer with yoga in a meta-analysis of a subset of RCTs
Fatigue
- Less fatigue among people with lung cancer practicing Breathe Easier, a program encompassing meditation, two levels of mindful hatha yoga, breathing exercises, and participant interaction
- Less fatigue in the short term among people with breast cancer in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Moderately less fatigue both during and after cancer treatment, with the greatest benefit after treatment, among people with cancer in a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
- Less fatigue and improved vigor among breast cancer survivors
- Less cancer-related fatigue among women with breast cancer with yoga compared to usual care but comparable improvement compared to other forms of physical activity in meta-analyses of RCTs
Lymphedema
- Weak evidence of less breast cancer-related lymphedema swelling and related symptoms with yoga in a review of reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses
- Less tissue induration after eight weeks of yoga and smaller arm circumference after 12 weeks among people with breast cancer with swelling caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system (lymphedema) compared to no intervention, but swelling returned after the intervention ended in a small RCT
- Smaller arm volume after eight weeks of yoga but no significant improvements in quality of life, self-reported arm function, or hand grip strength among breast cancer survivors in a small uncontrolled trial
- No change in edema volume among women with breast cancer-related lymphedema after eight weeks of yoga compared to controls in a small RCTPasyar N, Barshan Tashnizi N, Mansouri P, Tahmasebi S. Effect of yoga exercise on the quality of life and upper extremity volume among women with breast cancer related lymphedema: a pilot study. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2019 Oct;42:103-109.
Pain
- Less pain among women with metastatic breast cancer with relatively more time practicing yoga across two consecutive previous days compared to less time in a small RCT
Peripheral Neuropathy
- Less pain and improved functional reach and other measures of neurotoxicity among breast and gynecological cancer cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy compared to usual care in a small RCT
- Better flexibility and balance, and less fall risk, and fewer CIPN symptoms among people with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in small uncontrolled trials
Quality of Life
- No effect on health-related quality of life among people with cancer compared to controls in a meta-analysis of RCTs of low quality
- Better health-related quality of life in the short term among people with breast cancer in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Better quality of life among women with breast cancer with yoga, comparable to physical exercise interventions, in a meta-analysis of RCTs
Sleep Difficulty
- Less sleep disturbance in the short term among people with breast cancer practicing yoga in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Better sleep scores among people with breast cancer with yoga either during or after treatment in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- Improved sleep among people with lung cancer practicing Breathe Easier, a program encompassing meditation, two levels of mindful hatha yoga, breathing exercises, and participant interaction
- Studies not specific to people with cancer:
- Better sleep quality scores among older people with yoga at least three times a week compared to active therapy or usual care/wait-list controls in a meta-analysis of RCTs
- No change in sleep quality among middle-aged women with yoga in a meta-analysis of two RCTs
Stress
- Improved stress scores among people with lung cancer practicing Breathe Easier, a program encompassing meditation, two levels of mindful hatha yoga, breathing exercises, and participant interaction
- Less perceived stress and better mental well-being and coping self-efficacy, but no improvement in stress scores among people working from home during the Covid pandemic with an online yoga intervention in a small RCT
Other Symptoms and Side Effects
- Less breathlessness (dyspnea) and improved exercise capacity among people with lung cancer practicing Breathe Easier, a program encompassing meditation, two levels of mindful hatha yoga, breathing exercises, and participant interaction
A 2012 review of six studies concluded that several symptoms improved substantially with yoga:
An extensive review in 2017 concluded that yoga shows small to moderate effects improving these symptoms and measures:
That review also found that “decreases have been observed in inflammatory markers including gene expression and steeper cortisol slopes (which are thought to indicate healthier physiology) in yoga participants compared with usual care and control.”
Another review in 2017 also concluded that “evidence supports recommending yoga for improving psychological outcomes, with potential for also improving physical symptoms.” In a 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis investigating quality of life, yoga "was found to play an important role in both emotional and physical well-being." Yet another review in 2017 categorized yoga ”as having summary preliminary positive evidence for pain management.”
A 2020 systematic review concluded that yoga is effective in addressing cancer-related pain in breast cancer patients.
Better health-related quality of life, less fatigue, and fewer sleep disturbances in the short term, with weak trends toward less depression or anxiety in the short-term, but no short-term or medium-term effects on health-related quality of life or less fatigue among women with breast cancer in a meta-analysis of RCTs
As with other mind-body approaches, assessing the effectiveness of yoga in addressing cancer symptoms can be challenging due to the difficulty in creating controls and placebo conditions.
Cautions
Yoga involves movement and balance, and novices are highly recommended to practice under the supervision and guidance of a certified professional, preferably one trained in the needs of cancer patients. Cancer patients may experience bone loss, lymphedema (or the risk of), neuropathy and other conditions as a result of cancer treatments, and so some poses may need to be altered to reduce risk of injury. See these sources for more information:
Adverse events are rare, and a few medical conditions may make yoga inappropriate. Hatha yoga involves many different subtypes, and one among them is likely more suited for those with any specific physical limitations you may have. We advise cancer patients interested in beginning yoga to consult their physicians and find yoga teachers trained in yoga for cancer patients.
Access
Many hospitals, clinics and other health facilities offer yoga classes. Yoga studios are available widely throughout the US and much of the rest of the world. Videos and online sources are also available.
Integrative Programs, Protocols and Medical Systems
- Programs and protocols
- Traditional systems
Yoga instructor Alaina Sadick Goss, Smith Center for Healing and the Arts, January 24, 2018:
Choosing a class: It's important to understand that not all yoga classes are therapeutic or helpful to people with illness or in recovery. Look for classes that are focused on cancer recovery specifically if there is something offered in your community or at a local hospital. Other good alternatives might be classes that are specifically designated as "gentle" or "therapeutic," but you'll want to discuss your specific needs and situation with your teacher and your physicians to make sure you're in a class that is safe for you. Chair yoga can also be a fantastic option.
Choosing a teacher: Some teachers keep updated listings and information on The Yoga Alliance website, so it can be a good source for finding teachers or studios by location. You can search for "cancer" as a keyword to find people who may have specific training. In general, teachers with more experience and education will be better able to keep you safe and offer a class that is beneficial to your healing. A good designation to look for is "E-RYT" which denotes over 1000 teaching hours or RYT 500 which designates at least 500 hours of training have been completed, but direct experience or training with working with people with cancer may be even more important.
Helpful poses: Learn about the different poses, how to properly practice them, and their more general benefits at Yoga Journal. Though every situation is different, and doctors should be consulted before yoga is practiced, these poses are typically very helpful for people living with or being treated for cancer
- Legs up the wall: boosts immune function, highly relaxing and helpful if insomnia is an issue, helps reduce swelling in the legs, feet, and ankles, helps reduce anxiety
- Cat/cow: very easy to perform, has a relaxing effect as breath and body connect, great for nervous system function and spine health
- Child's pose: restful, relieves anxiety
- Downward dog: can help with digestion, invigorating, empowering
- Tree pose (near a wall): grounding, helps with bone health, helps to refine balance in the body and calm the mind
Home resources
Yoga Nidra means Yoga of Sleep. It's a restorative practice that can be done at home, in bed, or even in a hospital room. It's incredibly restorative and healing. Some studies have shown that it boosts immune function. Without a doubt it can be immensely helpful for reducing stress and helping the body to rest and heal. Some studios offer yoga nidra classes, which would be appropriate for most people undergoing cancer treatment. You can also download yoga nidra practices to follow at home on iTunes. It's okay just to choose a teacher with a voice that is soothing to you. One leader in the practice is Richard Miller.
Non-cancer Uses of Yoga
BCCT has not reviewed the effectiveness of this therapy for non-cancer uses.
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Asthma
- Drug-resistant epilepsy
- Weight maintenance
- Diabetes
- Migraines
- Low back pain
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Arthritis
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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Note: BCCT has not conducted an independent review of research on yoga. This summary draws from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center’s About Herbs and CAM-Cancer Summaries, plus other sources as noted.
Highlighted Video
Brian Bouch discusses integrative oncology, part 1
Read more
BCCT advisor Brian Bouch, MD, retired several years ago from an integrative medicine practice in Sonoma, California. After he received a difficult cancer diagnosis, he developed a specialty in integrative oncology. Dr. Bouch was the first medical director of Commonweal. In the following three videos, he talks with Michael Lerner about how he developed his practice, used certain therapies and how he worked with people with cancer.
Bold text indicates topics related to yoga.
- 2:48-10:04 Dr Bouch’s experience with a cancer diagnosis:
- malignant growth in his neck
- primary cancer unknown, 5 years later source known
- ENT oncologist recommended surgery and radical lymph-node dissection
- embarked on is own program detox (Optimal Health Center)
- diet and exercise
- talked with Renneker, Block, Broffman, McKee
- Contact provided with MD Anderson with latest research recommending 80% with his type of cancer do well with chemo and radiation
- 11:45-12:50 How his cancer experience has changed him:
- importance of exercise (qigong, yoga, vegan diet, Zen Buddhism)
- respect for spirituality and how to bring it to our daily lives
- 15:00-26:00 Michael & Brian discuss Integrative Cancer therapies:
- importance of the 7 pillars of health promotion
- creating a healthier person who may be living with cancer, extending their life, or improving their life
- more information on the etiologic factors: genomes (what we are born with with) and epigenetic factors that influence our genes
- measuring the toxic load is one part of functional medicine
- 26:46-32:32 What is happening in our bodies: toxicity
- functional medicine looks at microbiome, leaky gut, mercury, lead and cadmium
- urine and stool sample can provide information on toxicity
- hydrocarbons
- biotoxins (such as from mold) can impact autoimmune system
- 35:00-41:19 Detox before and after chemo
- body/mind retreat
- all raw vegan diet, paleo, ketogenic diet
- exercise 150 min/week; heart rate for person in their 70s would be 116 bpm
- spiritual practice
- tai chi
- qigong
- Buddhist meditation
- sauna
- Deng GE, Frenkel M et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for integrative oncology: complementary therapies and botanicals. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology. 2009 Summer;7(3):85-120.
- Djalilova DM, Schulz PS et al. Impact of yoga on inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review. Biological Research For Nursing. 2019 Mar;21(2):198-209.
- Yi LJ, Tian X, Jin YF, Luo MJ, Jiménez-Herrera MF. Effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021 Feb;10(2):1961-1975.
- Pan Y, Yang K, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liang H. Could yoga practice improve treatment-related side effects and quality of life for women with breast cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2017 Apr;13(2):e79-e95.
- So WWY, Lu EY, Cheung WM, Tsang HWH. Comparing mindful and non-mindful exercises on alleviating anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Nov 23;17(22):8692.
- Cramer H, Lauche R et al. Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Depression & Anxiety. 2018 Sep;35(9):830-843.
- Joyce C, Roseen EJ, Keysor JJ, Gross KD, Culpepper L, Saper RB. Can yoga or physical therapy for chronic low back pain improve depression and anxiety among adults from a racially diverse, low-income community? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2021 Jun;102(6):1049-1058.
- Wadhen V, Cartwright T. Feasibility and outcome of an online streamed yoga intervention on stress and wellbeing of people working from home during COVID-19. Work. 2021;69(2):331-349.
- Yi LJ, Tian X, Jin YF, Luo MJ, Jiménez-Herrera MF. Effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021 Feb;10(2):1961-1975.
- Wadhen V, Cartwright T. Feasibility and outcome of an online streamed yoga intervention on stress and wellbeing of people working from home during COVID-19. Work. 2021;69(2):331-349.
- Joyce C, Roseen EJ, Keysor JJ, Gross KD, Culpepper L, Saper RB. Can yoga or physical therapy for chronic low back pain improve depression and anxiety among adults from a racially diverse, low-income community? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2021 Jun;102(6):1049-1058.
- Cramer H, Lauche R et al. Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Depression & Anxiety. 2018 Sep;35(9):830-843.
- Coutiño-Escamilla L, Piña-Pozas M, Tobías Garces A, Gamboa-Loira B, López-Carrillo L. Non-pharmacological therapies for depressive symptoms in breast cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Breast. 2019 Apr;44:135-143.
- McDonnell KK, Gallerani DG et al . A prospective pilot study evaluating feasibility and preliminary effects of Breathe Easier: a mindfulness-based intervention for survivors of lung cancer and their family members (dyads). Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2020 Jan-Dec;19:1534735420969829.
- Yi LJ, Tian X, Jin YF, Luo MJ, Jiménez-Herrera MF. Effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021 Feb;10(2):1961-1975.
- Hilfiker R, Meichtry A et al. Exercise and other non-pharmaceutical interventions for cancer-related fatigue in patients during or after cancer treatment: a systematic review incorporating an indirect-comparisons meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018;52(10):651-658.
- Bower JE, Garet D et al. Yoga for persistent fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 2012 Aug 1;118(15):3766-75.
- O'Neill M, Samaroo D et al. The effect of yoga interventions on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life for women with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2020 Jan-Dec;19:1534735420959882.
- Marchica P, D'Arpa S et al. Integrated treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a descriptive review of the state of the art. Anticancer Research. 2021 Jul;41(7):3233-3246.
- Loudon A, Barnett T, Piller N, Immink MA, Williams AD. Yoga management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a randomised controlled pilot-trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014 Jul 1;14:214.
- Fisher MI, Donahoe-Fillmore B et al. Effects of yoga on arm volume among women with breast cancer related lymphedema: a pilot study. Journal of Bodyworks and Movement Therapies. 2014 Oct;18(4):559-65.
- Carson JW, Carson KM et al. Yoga practice predicts improvements in day-to-day pain in women with metastatic breast cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2021 Jun;61(6):1227-1233.
- Bao T, Zhi I et al. Yoga for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and fall risk: a randomized controlled trial. JNCI Cancer Spectrum. 2020 Jun;pkaa048.
- Galantino ML, Tiger R, Brooks J, Jang S, Wilson K. Impact of somatic yoga and meditation on fall risk, function, and quality of life for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy syndrome in cancer survivors. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2019;18:1534735419850627
- Galantino ML, Brooks J, Tiger R, Jang S, Wilson K. Effectiveness of somatic yoga and meditation: a pilot study in a multicultural cancer survivor population with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. International Journal of Yoga Therapy. 2019;10.17761/2020-D-18-00030.
- Lin WF, Zhong MF et al. Efficacy of complementary and integrative medicine on health-related quality of life in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Management and Research. 2019;11:6663-6680.
- Yi LJ, Tian X, Jin YF, Luo MJ, Jiménez-Herrera MF. Effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021 Feb;10(2):1961-1975.
- El-Hashimi D, Gorey KM. Yoga-specific enhancement of quality of life among women with breast cancer: systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine. 2019 Jan-Dec;24:2515690X19828325.
- Yi LJ, Tian X, Jin YF, Luo MJ, Jiménez-Herrera MF. Effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021 Feb;10(2):1961-1975.
- Kreutz C, Schmidt ME, Steindorf K. Effects of physical and mind-body exercise on sleep problems during and after breast cancer treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2019 Jul;176(1):1-15.
- McDonnell KK, Gallerani DG et al . A prospective pilot study evaluating feasibility and preliminary effects of Breathe Easier: a mindfulness-based intervention for survivors of lung cancer and their family members (dyads). Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2020 Jan-Dec;19:1534735420969829.
- Wu WW, Kwong E, Lan XY, Jiang XY. The effect of a meditative movement intervention on quality of sleep in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2015 Sep;21(9):509-19.
- Rubio-Arias JÁ, Marín-Cascales E et al. Effect of exercise on sleep quality and insomnia in middle-aged women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 2017 Jun;100:49-56.
- McDonnell KK, Gallerani DG et al . A prospective pilot study evaluating feasibility and preliminary effects of Breathe Easier: a mindfulness-based intervention for survivors of lung cancer and their family members (dyads). Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2020 Jan-Dec;19:1534735420969829.
- Wadhen V, Cartwright T. Feasibility and outcome of an online streamed yoga intervention on stress and wellbeing of people working from home during COVID-19. Work. 2021;69(2):331-349.
- McDonnell KK, Gallerani DG et al . A prospective pilot study evaluating feasibility and preliminary effects of Breathe Easier: a mindfulness-based intervention for survivors of lung cancer and their family members (dyads). Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2020 Jan-Dec;19:1534735420969829.
- Côté A. Effect of yoga on patients with cancer: our current understanding. Canadian Family Physician. 2012 Sep; 58(9): e475–e479.
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- Lin WF, Zhong MF et al. Efficacy of complementary and integrative medicine on health-related quality of life in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Management and Research. 2019;11:6663-6680.
- Lin YC, Wan L, Jamison RN. Using integrative medicine in pain management: an evaluation of current evidence. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2017 Dec;125(6):2081-2093.
- Behzadmehr R, Dastyar N, Moghadam MP, Abavisani M, Moradi M. Effect of complementary and alternative medicine interventions on cancer related pain among breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2020;49:102318.
- Cramer H, Lauche R et al. Yoga for improving health-related quality of life, mental health and cancer-related symptoms in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 Jan 3;1(1):CD010802.
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View All References
More Information
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center’s About Herbs: Yoga
- CAM-Cancer Summaries: Yoga
- Anticancer Fund: Yoga
- Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Thriving after Cancer: A Five-Step Integrative Plan to Reduce the Risk of Recurrence and Build Lifelong Health. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 2013.
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- Ornish Lifestyle Medicine Program for Prostate Cancer
- Smith Center for Healing and the Arts: Shanti’s Yoga CD
- Cancer Research UK: Yoga
- Many free or subscription online yoga videos are available. The Moffitt Cancer Center provides a free series of short video sessions: Gentle Yoga for people with cancer
- Integration Restoration Institute website: Find a Teacher
- Yoga Journal
- Yoga styles and finding a good fit:
- Safety and adapting yoga for cancer patients and survivors:
- Integrative Cancer Review:
- Gurdev Parmar and Tina Kaczor: Textbook of Naturopathic Oncology
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- September 2018 Issue of the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
- Wayne Jonas, MD: Your Healing Journey: A Patient’s Guide to Integrative Breast Cancer Care
- The New School at Commonweal: Dwight McKee, MD: 40 Years Practicing Integrative Cancer Medicine, Part 1
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- Keith I. Block, MD: Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment
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- Cancer Research UK
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