Moving More
Also known by these names
- Exercise
- Fitness
- Movement
- Physical Activity
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Moving your body reduces the risk of cancer and in promotes health after a diagnosis, as noted by the American Cancer Society and several medical groups in their clinical practice guidelines.
Key Points
- Movement can take many forms.
- Finding an activity that is fun will increase both motivation and enjoyment.
- At least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day lowers risks for endometrial, postmenopausal breast and colorectal cancers. More activity may be associated with even more benefits.
- Vigorous exercise in short bursts several times a day is also beneficial.
- BCCT is interested in moving more because it may reduce the level of physical function decline, increase survival, enhance tolerance to cancer treatments, and reduce sleep disruption and depression associated with cancer and treatments.
- Moving more is generally beneficial, but some health conditions warrant caution.
- Moving more is beneficial across all cancer types.
- Practices to reduce risk of injury are advised.
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Movement includes many activities, such as these:
- Walking or hiking
- Participation in active sports such as tennis, soccer or basketball
- A workout at a gym
- Recreational activities such as dancing, bicycling, swimming, skiing or martial arts
- Group aerobic activities such as Zumba
- Active gardening, yard work or housework
- Movement therapies such as yoga, qigong and tai chi.
Finding an activity that is fun will increase both your motivation and your enjoyment. Movement can also be combined with social activities, increasing the potential for fun and also strengthening your connections to family and friends.
Frequent movement can help counteract the health risks of prolonged sitting. The American Institute for Cancer Research encourages people to break up long periods of sitting with frequent activity breaks.
Finding an activity that is fun will increase both your motivation and your enjoyment.
What's the Difference between Exercise and Physical Activity?
According to Ted Schettler in The Ecology of Breast Cancer: "Exercise is a form of physical activity that is usually planned, structured, and done to improve some aspect of fitness such as strength, flexibility, or aerobic endurance. Exercise also improves general health, well-being, and overall quality of life. Physical activity includes activity that is part of daily life. Household, workplace, and lifestyle physical activity are most common."
Both types of movement provide benefits.
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At least a moderate-intensity activity such as brisk walking or climbing stairs is needed for benefit. Moderate-intensity activity increases your heart rate and breathing rate somewhat and should cause you to perspire. Vigorous activity causes your heart rate and breathing rate to increase significantly to the point that you find it difficult to hold a conversation. Resistance training such as weightlifting is also beneficial a couple of days a week.
The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issues Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. The 2008 guidelines (the most recent available), include these findings and recommendations:
- “For most health outcomes, additional benefits occur as the amount of physical activity increases through higher intensity, greater frequency, and/or longer duration.”
- “Most health benefits occur with at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of moderate intensity physical activity, such as brisk walking.”
- “Both aerobic (endurance) and muscle-strengthening (resistance) physical activity are beneficial.”
- “The benefits of physical activity far outweigh the possibility of adverse outcomes.”
Movement and Cancer Treatment
American Cancer Society’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
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- If overweight or obese, limit consumption of high‐calorie foods and beverages and increase physical activity to promote weight loss.
Engage in regular physical activity.
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- Avoid inactivity and return to normal daily activities as soon as possible following diagnosis.
- Aim to exercise at least 150 minutes per week.
- Include strength training exercises at least two days per week.
Achieve a dietary pattern that is high in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
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- Follow the American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention (following).
ACS Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight throughout life.
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- Be as lean as possible throughout life without being underweight.
- Avoid excess weight gain at all ages. For those who are overweight or obese, losing even a small amount of weight has health benefits and is a good place to start.
- Get regular physical activity and limit intake of high-calorie foods and drinks as keys to help maintain a healthy weight.
Be physically active.
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- Adults: Get at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity each week (or a combination of these), preferably spread throughout the week.
- Children and teens: Get at least 1 hour of moderate or vigorous intensity activity each day, with vigorous activity on at least 3 days each week.
- Limit sedentary behavior such as sitting, lying down, watching TV, and other forms of screen-based entertainment.
- Doing some physical activity above usual activities, no matter what one’s level of activity, can have many health benefits.
Eat a healthy diet, with an emphasis on plant foods.
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- Choose foods and drinks in amounts that help you get to and maintain a healthy weight.
- Limit how much processed meat and red meat you eat.
- Eat at least 2½ cups of vegetables and fruits each day.
- Choose whole grains instead of refined grain products.
If you drink alcohol, limit your intake.
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- Drink no more than one drink per day for women or two per day for men.
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Cancer patients may need to adjust movement types and levels during or after treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation. Following your doctor’s advice is important, but even within restrictions most patients can increase their level of activity and receive benefit. The American Cancer Society’s (ACS) Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors that “the goal should be to be active as much as possible.”
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Further, international guidelines recommend minimizing inactivity at all times, maintaining some physical activity while undergoing treatment, and building towards age-appropriate guidelines for physical activity after completing treatment.
Even modest amounts of increased activity show benefit. A 2014 study of 641 cancer survivors at least 65 years old found that increasing light-intensity activities such as light housekeeping, light gardening and leisurely walking may reduce the rate of physical function decline.
Benefits of resistance training include improvement in muscle strength and endurance, improvements in functional status, and maintenance or improvement in bone density.
The American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Survivors (2012) state: “Persons receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy who are already on an exercise program may need to exercise at a lower intensity and/or for a shorter duration during their treatment, but the principal goal should be to maintain activity as much as possible.”
Treating the Cancer
At least a moderate-intensity activity such as brisk walking or climbing stairs is needed for benefit.
Working against cancer growth or spread, improving survival, or working with other treatments or therapies to improve their anticancer action
A 2017 review of evidence came to these conclusions:
- A growing evidence base indicate that physical activity has potential value at all stages of cancer care.
- Preliminary evidence associates regular physical activity after a cancer diagnosis with longer survival and lower risk of recurrence or disease progression.
- Preliminary evidence suggests that following an exercise program before treatment (prehabilitation) leads to increased cardiorespiratory fitness, fewer post-operative complications and shorter hospital admissions.
A 2018 review looked at data from more than 5800 patients with one of eight specific tumors: breast, colon, prostate, ovarian, bladder, endometrial, esophageal, and skin cancer (mostly melanoma). The results:
In comparison to patients who were habitually inactive, habitually active patients experienced a 39% decreased hazard of all-cause mortality and a 36% decreased hazard of cancer-specific mortality. Previously inactive patients who began exercising after diagnosis experienced a 28% decreased hazard of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in comparison to patients who remained inactive. Patients engaging in 3–4 sessions/week experienced the greatest survival advantages, but 1–2 sessions/week also yielded significant survival advantages in comparison to inactivity.
Breast Cancer
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From The Ecology of Breast Cancer:
Most but not all studies show that women who regularly exercise after breast cancer treatment experience reduced all-cause and breast-cancer specific mortality compared to sedentary women over follow-up periods averaging four to eight years. In many studies, higher levels of physical activity or exercise before diagnosis are also associated with improved survival after diagnosis and treatment.
As quoted in the same book, a 2010 review and meta-analysis found moderate effects of post-treatment physical activity interventions on measures of hormone and immune parameters.
A review of studies involving more than 35,000 cancer survivors concluded that physical activity after a diagnosis of cancer is associated with a lower risk of "cancer-specific mortality in survivors of several common cancers", including breast.
A clinical trial of an exercise intervention in breast cancer patients found good evidence of cardiovascular benefit: "Our findings strongly support that tailored exercise training during adjuvant breast cancer treatment may counteract a decline in cardiovascular function, and in particular among those receiving chemotherapy."
Colorectal Cancer
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A 2018 study of almost 1000 colorectal cancer survivors found a 42 percent reduction in death at five years for those who followed the ACS guidelines most closely compared to those who followed them least.
A review of studies involving more than 35,000 cancer survivors concluded that physical activity after a diagnosis of cancer is associated with a lower risk of "cancer-specific mortality in survivors of several common cancers", including colorectal.
Lymphoma
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An observational study of more than 4000 lymphoma patients found that those with a higher level of physical activity throughout their adult lives and after diagnosis had better overall and lymphoma-specific survival during three years of follow-up. A reduction in activity level after diagnosis was associated with worse outcomes.
Prostate Cancer
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A 2017 review of physical activity and prostate cancer found that, “in general, benefit showed a dose-response relationship", meaning that more activity produced more benefit. Vigorous activity is needed for the maximum effect. The study authors also noted "several recent observational studies have indicated that physical activity is beneficial in preventing disease recurrence and improving survival following the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.”
A review of studies involving more than 35,000 cancer survivors concluded that physical activity after a diagnosis of cancer is associated with a lower risk of "cancer-specific mortality in survivors of several common cancers", including prostate.
Clinical Practice Guidelines
2009 evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for integrative oncology recommend referral to a qualified exercise specialist for guidelines on physical activity to promote basic health.”
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The American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Survivors (2012) recommend “after treatment, a program of regular physical activity is essential to aid in the process of recovery and improve fitness." Guidelines include these specifics:
- Engage in regular physical activity.
- Avoid inactivity and return to normal daily activities as soon as possible following diagnosis.
- Aim to exercise at least 150 minutes per week.
- Include strength training exercises at least 2 days per week.
2013 evidence-based clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians suggests supervised exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and functional capacity for lung cancer patients.
The 2018 Clinical Oncology Society of Australia guidelines include these recommendations:
- Exercise to be embedded as part of standard practice in cancer care and to be viewed as an adjunct therapy that helps counteract the adverse effects of cancer and its treatment
- All members of the multidisciplinary cancer team to promote physical activity and recommend that people with cancer adhere to exercise guidelines
- Best practice cancer care to include referral to an accredited exercise physiologist or physiotherapist with experience in cancer care
Managing Side Effects and Promoting Wellness
Managing or relieving side effects or symptoms, reducing treatment toxicity, supporting quality of life or promoting general well-being
Physical activity interventions improve quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes during and after cancer therapy.
Reviews of research support the role of moving more in quality of life:
- "Physical activity interventions improve quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes during and after cancer therapy."
- “Cancer survivors who exercise can potentially benefit from reduced levels of fatigue, and improved quality of life, physical function, and body composition.”
Movement has also been shown to reduce these symptoms and side effects of cancer and treatment:
A 2010 review and meta-analysis found these effects of physical activity interventions with cancer survivors:
- A large effect on upper and lower body strength post treatment
- Moderate effects on fatigue
- A small to moderate positive effect for physical activity level, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, functional quality of life, anxiety and self-esteem
- With few exceptions, exercise was well tolerated during and post treatment without adverse events.
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A 2012 study found that women with early stage breast cancer who were more active consistently reported lower levels of depression and increased quality of life five years after the intervention compared to those who were less active.
An American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors “concluded that exercise training is safe during and after cancer treatments and results in improvements in physical functioning, quality of life, and cancer-related fatigue in several cancer survivor groups.”
A 2017 review found these effects of physical activity on cancer patients: “Exercise is beneficial before, during, and after cancer treatment, across all cancer types, and for a variety of cancer-related impairments. Moderate-to-vigorous exercise is the best level of exercise intensity to improve physical function and mitigate cancer-related impairments. Therapeutic exercises are beneficial to manage treatment side effects, may enhance tolerance to cancer treatments, and improve functional outcomes. Supervised exercise yielded superior benefits versus unsupervised. Serious adverse events were not common.”
Another 2017 review of evidence came to these conclusions:
- Preliminary evidence suggests that following an exercise program before treatment (prehabilitation) leads
to increased cardiorespiratory fitness, fewer post-operative complications and shorter hospital admissions.
- Stronger evidence demonstrates that exercising while undergoing cancer treatment helps to preserve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and to control cancer-related fatigue.
- Similarly, promising evidence indicates that after completion of treatment, undertaking an exercise program leads to increased cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, reduced fatigue and improved body composition and well-being.
- For patients under palliative care, preliminary evidence suggests that exercise is feasible and may help maintain physical function, control fatigue and improve bone health.
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Clinicians should assess individual and community-level barriers to meeting the healthy lifestyle recommendations and support patients in developing strategies to overcome challenges.
The 2017 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) on Survivorship include these recommendations:
- Develop a plan for regular physical activity and healthy nutrition as part of management and treatment of anxiety, depression and distress.
- Recommend routine physical activity as part of cancer-associated cognitive dysfunction interventions.
- Exercise/physical activity is one of the nonpharmacologic treatments recommended for vasomotor symptoms (such as hot flashes/night sweats) disruptive to quality of life and for pain/myalgias.
- Regular physical activity in the morning and/or afternoon (but not within three hours of bedtime) is recommended for sleep disorders.
- For general healthy lifestyles, engage daily in general physical activity to include exercise, daily routine activities, and recreational activities. Avoid sitting for long periods.
- Clinicians should assess individual and community-level barriers to meeting the healthy lifestyle recommendations and support patients in developing strategies to overcome challenges.
- A risk assessment for physical activity-induced adverse events is recommended.
- Resistance training of all major muscle groups is recommended for 20 minutes two or three times a week each session.
Reducing Risk
Reducing the risk of developing cancer or the risk of recurrence
Research has found that getting at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day lowers risks for endometrial, postmenopausal breast and colorectal cancers.
Physical activity helps to lower cancer risk in several ways:
- Regular activity helps keep hormone levels healthy and reduce the contribution of high hormone levels to cancer risk.
- Being active may strengthen the immune system.
- Activity helps speed potentially harmful substances through the intestinal tract.
- Staying physically active can help manage body weight and the contribution of body fat to increased risk for many types of cancer.
Physical activity after a diagnosis of cancer is associated with a lower risk of cancer recurrence in survivors of several common cancers.
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From The Ecology of Breast Cancer:
In 1989, scientists from the National Cancer Institute examined the relationship between self-reported physical activity and cancer in the first NHANES cohort, originally assembled from 1971 to 1975, designed to represent
They reported an increased risk of various kinds of cancer among inactive individuals compared to very active people (80 percent increased risk for men and 30 percent increased risk for women), even after correcting for smoking and BMI. The association was strongest for colorectal and lung cancer in men, and post-menopausal breast and cervical cancer in women.
A 2017 review of physical activity and prostate cancer found that, “in general, benefit showed a dose-response relationship", meaning that more activity produced more benefit. Vigorous activity is needed for the maximum effect. The study authors also noted "several recent observational studies have indicated that physical activity is beneficial in preventing disease recurrence and improving survival following the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.”
Another review of studies involving more than 35,000 cancer survivors concluded that "physical activity after a diagnosis of cancer is associated with a lower risk of cancer recurrence" in survivors of several common cancers, including breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers.
A 2017 review of evidence came to these conclusions:
- A growing evidence base indicate that physical activity has potential value at all stages of cancer care.
- Preliminary evidence associates regular physical activity after a cancer diagnosis with lower risk of recurrence or disease progression.
Clinical Practice Guidelines
The 2018 American Institute for Cancer Research guidelines for physical activity found strong evidence that being physically active decreases these risks:
- Colon cancer
- Breast cancer (postmenopause)
- Endometrial cancer
In addition, vigorous physical activity decreases the risk of both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer.
Cautions
Moving more is generally well tolerated by patients. However, some health conditions such as heart conditions or deep vein thrombosis may cause exercise to be a problem. Avoid exercise during bouts of vomiting, nausea and diarrhea. Patients may be advised not to exercise on days of chemotherapy treatments or for 24 hours afterward. All patients are encouraged to seek the advice of their healthcare provider before undertaking a new or increased exercise routine.
Physical activity involves the risk of injury. Building strength and balance as exercise is gradually increased, paying attention to proper technique, and other precautions are recommended.
A 2017 review of evidence noted a few cautions:
- Avoid high-intensity activities when immunosuppressed, or when experiencing pain, severe fatigue, or compromised bone health.
- Avoid activities requiring balance when frail or experiencing dizziness or peripheral sensory neuropathy.
- Anyone with a stoma should start with low resistance exercise and progress slowly to avoid herniation.
Integrative Plans, Protocols and Medical Systems
- Plans, protocols and programs
- Abrams & Weil integrative medicine approaches
- Alschuler & Gazella complementary approaches:
- Breast cancer
- Cancer prevention
- Cancer treatment
- Colon cancer
- Detoxification
- Hormone balance
- Immune system function
- Leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma
- Lowering risk of cancer recurrence/secondary cancers
- Ovarian cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Reversing insulin resistance
- Testicular cancer
- Treatment recovery and survivorship
- Block program
- Cohen & Jefferies Mix of Six anticancer practices Anticancer Living. New York: Viking. 2018.
- Geffen Seven Levels of Healing
- Lemole, Mehta & McKee top 5 lifestyle interventions for all their protocols
- McKinney protocols
- Ornish Lifestyle Medicine for Prostate Cancer
- Traditional systems
Non-cancer Uses of Moving More
Physical activity is used for these conditions and purposes:
- Obesity and overweight
- Heart disease
- Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome
- Mental health and mood improvement
- Increase strength and prevent falls
- Increased longevity and quality of life
See also:
BCCT has not reviewed the effectiveness of moving more for non-cancer uses.
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Written by Nancy Hepp, MS, and Laura Pole, RN, MSN, OCNS; most recent update on December 28, 2018. Note: BCCT has not conducted an independent review of research of moving more. This summary draws from the American Institute for Cancer Research and other sources as noted. BCCT is grateful to Ted Schettler, MD, MPH, for his review and comments on this page.
Highlighted Video
Brian Bouch discusses integrative oncology, part 1
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Brian Bouch, MD, retired several years ago from an integrative medicine practice in Sonoma, California. After he received a difficult cancer diagnosis, he developed a specialty in integrative oncology. Dr. Bouch was the first medical director of Commonweal. In the following three videos, he talks with Michael Lerner about how he developed his practice, used certain therapies and how he worked with people with cancer.
Bold text indicates topics related to moving more.
- 2:48-10:04 Dr Bouch’s experience with a cancer diagnosis:
- malignant growth in his neck
- primary cancer unknown, 5 years later source known
- ENT oncologist recommended surgery and radical lymph-node dissection
- embarked on is own program detox (Optimal Health Center)
- diet and exercise
- talked with Renneker, Block, Broffman, McKee
- Contact provided with MD Anderson with latest research recommending 80% with his type of cancer do well with chemo and radiation
- 11:45-12:50 How his cancer experience has changed him:
- importance of exercise (qigong, yoga, vegan diet, Zen Buddhism)
- respect for spirituality and how to bring it to our daily lives
- 15:00-26:00 Michael & Brian discuss Integrative Cancer therapies:
- importance of the 7 pillars of health promotion
- creating a healthier person who may be living with cancer, extending their life, or improving their life
- more information on the etiologic factors: genomes (what we are born with with) and epigenetic factors that influence our genes
- measuring the toxic load is one part of functional medicine
- 26:46-32:32 What is happening in our bodies: toxicity
- functional medicine looks at microbiome, leaky gut, mercury, lead and cadmium
- urine and stool sample can provide information on toxicity
- hydrocarbons
- biotoxins (such as from mold) can impact autoimmune system
- 35:00-41:19 Detox before and after chemo
- body/mind retreat
- all raw vegan diet, paleo, ketogenic diet
- exercise 150 min/week; heart rate for person in their 70s would be 116 bpm
- spiritual practice
- tai chi
- qigong
- Buddhist meditation
- sauna
- Matthews B. Making Exercise Fun Again. Gene Smart. Viewed December 18, 2017.
- American Institute for Cancer Research. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. February 2018. Viewed August 6, 2018.
- Schettler T. The Ecology of Breast Cancer: The Promise of Prevention and the Hope for Healing. 2013. Science and Environmental Health Network and the Collaborative on Health and the Environment p. 71.
- Health Hub. Types of Physical Activities. November 23, 2015. Viewed December 18, 2017.
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. US Department of Health and Human Services. January 2, 2018. Viewed January 2, 2018.
- Blair CK, Morey MC et al. Light-intensity activity attenuates functional decline in older cancer survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2014 Jul;46(7):1375-83.
- Denlinger CS, Sanft T et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®): Survivorship. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. July 28, 2017. Viewed January 2, 2018; Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Rock CL, Doyle C et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2012 Jul-Aug;62(4):243-74.
- Stevinson C, Campbell A, Cavill N, Foster J. Physical activity and cancer: a concise evidence review. Macmillan Cancer Support. 2017.
- Cannioto RA, Dighe S et al. Habitual recreational physical activity is associated with significantly improved survival in cancer patients: evidence from the Roswell Park Data Bank and BioRepository. Cancer Causes Control. 2018 Nov 28. doi: 10.1007/s10552-018-1101-5.
- Schettler T. The Ecology of Breast Cancer: The Promise of Prevention and the Hope for Healing. 2013. Science and Environmental Health Network and the Collaborative on Health and the Environment. p. 73.
- Speck R, Courneya K, Masse L, Duval S, Schmitz K. An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2010 Jun; 4(2):87-100.
- Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Thune I, Husøy A et al. Cardiovascular function and the effect of exercise training during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. Results from The EBBA-II trial. Presentation at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) 2018. December 7, 2018.
- Van Blarigan EL, Fuchs CS et al. Association of survival with adherence to the American Cancer Society Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors after colon cancer diagnosis: The CALGB 89803/Alliance Trial.
- JAMA Oncology. 2018 Apr 12.
- Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Pophali P, Larson MC et al. The level of physical activity before and after lymphoma diagnosis impacts overall and lymphoma-specific survival. Presented at the American Society of Hematology 59th Annual Meeting & Exposition. December 11, 2017.
- Shephard RJ. Physical activity and prostate cancer: an updated review. Sports Medicine. 2017 Jun;47(6):1055-1073.
- Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Deng GE, Frenkel M et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for integrative oncology: complementary therapies and botanicals. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology. 2009 Summer;7(3):85-120.
- Rock CL, Doyle C et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2012 Jul-Aug;62(4):243-74.
- Deng GE, Rausch SM et al. Complementary therapies and integrative medicine in lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e420S-e436S.
- Cormie P, Atkinson M et al. Clinical Oncology Society of Australia position statement on exercise in cancer care. Medical Journal of Australia. 2018 May 7.
- Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Schwartz AL, de Heer HD, Bea JW. Initiating exercise interventions to promote wellness in cancer patients and survivors. Oncology (Williston Park). 2017 Oct 15;31(10):711-7.
- Driver HS, Taylor SR. Exercise and sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2000 Aug;4(4):387-402; Rubio-Arias JÁ, Marín-Cascales E et al. Effect of exercise on sleep quality and insomnia in middle-aged women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 2017 Jun;100:49-56; Smagula SF, Stone KL, Fabio A, Cauley JA. Risk factors for sleep disturbances in older adults: evidence from prospective studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2016 Feb;25:21-30; Wu WW, Kwong E, Lan XY, Jiang XY. The effect of a meditative movement intervention on quality of sleep in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2015 Sep;21(9):509-19; American Institute for Cancer Research. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. February 2018. Viewed August 6, 2018.
- Pérez-López FR, Martínez-Domínguez SJ et al. Effects of programmed exercise on depressive symptoms in midlife and older women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 2017 Dec;106:38-47; Phillips C. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and physical activity: making the neuroplastic connection. Neural Plasticity. 2017;2017:7260130; Wu PL, Lee M, Huang TT. Effectiveness of physical activity on patients with depression and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017 Jul 27;12(7):e0181515; Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Mochcovitch MD, Deslandes AC, Freire RC, Garcia RF, Nardi AE. The effects of regular physical activity on anxiety symptoms in healthy older adults: a systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2016 Jul-Sep;38(3):255-61; Stubbs B, Vancampfort D et al. An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research. 2017 Mar;249:102-108; Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52); Meneses-Echávez JF, González-Jiménez E, Ramírez-Vélez R. Effects of supervised exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2015 Feb 21;15:77.
- Speck R, Courneya K, Masse L, Duval S, Schmitz K. An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2010 Jun; 4(2):87-100.
- Mutrie N, Campbell A, Barry S, Hefferon K, et al. Five-year follow-up of participants in a randomized controlled trial showing benefits from exercise for breast cancer survivors during adjuvant treatment. Are there lasting effects? Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2012; Jul 27.
- Schmitz KH, Courneya KS et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2010 Jul;42(7):1409-26.
- Stout NL, Baima J, Swisher AK, Winters-Stone KM, Welsh J. A systematic review of exercise systematic reviews in the cancer literature (2005-2017). PM & R. 2017 Sep;9(9S2):S347-S384.
- Stevinson C, Campbell A, Cavill N, Foster J. Physical activity and cancer: a concise evidence review. Macmillan Cancer Support. 2017.
- Denlinger CS, Sanft T et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®): Survivorship. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. July 28, 2017. Viewed January 2, 2018.
- Schettler T. The Ecology of Breast Cancer: The Promise of Prevention and the Hope for Healing. 2013. Science and Environmental Health Network and the Collaborative on Health and the Environment. pp 71-72.
- Shephard RJ. Physical activity and prostate cancer: an updated review. Sports Medicine. 2017 Jun;47(6):1055-1073.
- Brown JC, Ligibel JA. The role of physical activity in oncology care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2017 Nov 1;2017(52).
- Stevinson C, Campbell A, Cavill N, Foster J. Physical activity and cancer: a concise evidence review. Macmillan Cancer Support. 2017.
- American Institute for Cancer Research. Physical activity and the risk of cancer. 2018. Viewed August 6, 2018.
- Dixon A. Absolute Contraindications to Physical Activities in Geriatric Patients. Livestrong.com. August 14, 2017. Viewed December 18, 2017.
- Harvard Women's Health Watch. 10 tips to prevent injuries when you exercise. October 2013. Harvard University. Viewed December 18, 2017.
- Stevinson C, Campbell A, Cavill N, Foster J. Physical activity and cancer: a concise evidence review. Macmillan Cancer Support. 2017.
- Abrams DI, Weil AT. Integrative Oncology. 2nd Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2014.
- Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. Berkeley, California: Celestial Arts. 2010; Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Thriving after Cancer. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 2013.
- Block KI. Life Over Cancer. New York: Bantam Dell. 2009.
- Cohen L, Jeffries A.
- Geffen J. The Journey Through Cancer: An Oncologist's Seven-Level Program for Healing and Transforming the Whole Person. New York, New York: Three Rivers Press. 2006.
- Lemole G, Mehta P, McKee D. After Cancer Care: The Definitive Self-Care Guide to Getting and Staying Well for Patients with Cancer. New York, New York: Rodale, Inc. 2015.
- McKinney N. Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition. Victoria, BC, Canada: Liaison Press. 2016.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity and Health. June 4, 2015. Viewed December 18, 2017.
View All References
More Information
- American Institute for Cancer Research:
- Stevinson C, Campbell A, Cavill N, Foster J. Physical activity and cancer: a concise evidence review. Macmillan Cancer Support. 2017.
- Meneses-Echávez JF, González-Jiménez E, Ramírez-Vélez R. Effects of supervised exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2015 Feb 21;15:77.
- Harvard Women's Health Watch: 10 tips to prevent injuries when you exercise
- Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Thriving after Cancer. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 2013.
- Moss Reports (purchase required): Select from the list of cancers down the left side of the page for a report describing uses of conventional, complementary, alternative and integrative therapies related to that cancer. Ralph Moss is among the most knowledgeable and balanced researchers of integrative cancer therapies. The cost of his Moss Reports is not negligible, but many patients find them of considerable value. Moss is also available for consultations.
- Ornish Lifestyle Medicine for prostate cancer
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network Professional Guidelines on Survivorship, including Exercise (subscription required)
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Patient and Caregiver Resources:
- Finding fitness programs tailored to people with cancer:
- Incorporating non-exercise movement into daily life:
- Gerald Lemole, MD; Pallav Mehta, MD; and Dwight McKee, MD: After Cancer Care: The Definitive Self-Care Guide to Getting and Staying Well for Patients with Cancer
- World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective
- Gary Deng, MD, PhD: Complementary Therapies for Pain Management
- Donna Wilson: Exercise and Recovery
- Ting Bao, MD: The Role of Integrative Therapy in Cancer Care
- National Cancer Institute: Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Michael Lerner: Choices In Healing: Integrating the Best of Conventional and Complementary Approaches to Cancer
- American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine and Metabolic Medical Institute: Integrative Cancer Therapy Fellowship Modules
- Glenn Sabin with Dawn Lemanne, MD, MPH: N of 1
- Jeremy R. Geffen, MD, FACP: The Seven Levels of Healing®: Celebrating Life and Spirit on the Journey through Cancer
- Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary: The C-Word
- Lorenzo Cohen and Alison Jefferies: Anticancer Living: Transform Your Life and Health with the Mix of Six
- Keith I. Block, MD: Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment
- Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO, and Karolyn Gazella: The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing
- American Institute for Cancer Research: Cancer Health Check
- Ted Schettler, MD, MPH: The Ecology of Breast Cancer: The Promise of Prevention and the Hope for Healing
- Donald I. Abrams, MD, and Andrew T. Weil, MD: Integrative Oncology, 2nd Edition
- EmpowHER: Keith Block: My Activity
- The New School at Commonweal: Ted Schettler: The Ecology of Breast Cancer
- The New School at Commonweal: Dwight McKee, MD: 40 Years Practicing Integrative Cancer Medicine, Part 1
- The New School at Commonweal: Dwight McKee, MD: 40 Years Practicing Integrative Cancer Medicine, Part 2
- Wayne Jonas, MD: Your Healing Journey: A Patient’s Guide to Integrative Breast Cancer Care
- Karen Basen-Engquist and others: Moving Research Into Practice: Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Weight Management for Cancer Patients and Survivors
- September 2018 Issue of the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
- Dwight McKee, MD, editor: Clinical Pearls
- US Department of Health and Human Services: Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
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