Medicinal Mushrooms
Common Mushrooms Used with Cancer
- Agaricus blazei (Murrill)
- Cordyceps sinensis (caterpillar)
- Flammulina velutipes (enotake; golden needle)
- Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
- Grifola frondosa (maitake)
- Hericium erinaceus (lion’s mane)
- Inonotus obliquus (chaga)
- Inocybeumbrinella (psilocybin; magic mushroom)
- Lentinus (or Lentinula) edodes (shiitake)
- Phellinus linteus (meshimakobu; meshima; black hoof)
- Piptoporus betulinus (kanbatake; the birch polypore)
- Pleurotus ostreatus (hiratake; oyster)
- Polyporus umbellatus (Zhu Ling)
- Schizophyllum commune (suehirotake; split gill polypore)
- Trametes versicolor or Coriolus versicolor (turkey tail)
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Key Points
- Before using this therapy, consult your oncology team about interactions with other treatments and therapies. Also make sure this therapy is safe for use with any other medical conditions you may have.
- Over 100 species of medicinal mushrooms are used in Asia and approved for use as an adjuvant (supplement) to cancer treatment in China and Japan.
- In China and Japan, medicinal mushrooms, used as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, have a clinical history of safe use.
- Lab, animal and/or human studies suggest that several medicinal mushrooms have direct or indirect anticancer effects and/or manage side effects and/or improve quality of life in a number of cancers.
- BCCT considers medicinal mushrooms interesting and promising because of mounting evidence of their usefulness as an adjuvant treatment in several cancers, their safety when taken appropriately, their wide availability and their use by many reputable integrative oncology clinicians.
- Evidence is insufficient that medicinal mushrooms are a cure or stand-alone treatment for cancer.
- Evidence is insufficient to establish safety of use during pregnancy and lactation. BCCT suggests that you err on the side of caution and not use mushroom extracts during pregnancy or while nursing a baby.
- Side effects of most medicinal mushrooms are typically mild and temporary. Allergic reactions are possible, and medical supervision is advised, preferably from a licensed clinician with experience in prescribing medicinal mushrooms.
- Some medicinal mushrooms are edible and can be eaten as food. Others are widely available without prescription in capsule, liquid tincture, and powdered form. Strength and purity of products can vary significantly. Read labels carefully. and consider consulting with a healthcare professional experienced in using medicinal mushrooms for guidance in product selection.
- Raw mushrooms contain toxins that may be harmful. Edible mushrooms, whether medicinal or culinary (such as white, cremini, or portobello mushrooms) should be cooked before being eaten.
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As exotic as their names might sound, medicinal mushrooms are widely available with a wide array of possible health-promoting and disease-fighting properties. More than 100 species of medicinal mushrooms have been used in Asia for hundreds of years. Traditionally, they have been used primarily to treat infections, but more recently also in treating lung diseases and cancer.
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Traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese medicine have studied cancer uses of mushrooms extensively. Medicinal mushrooms have been approved as adjuncts to conventional cancer treatments in China and Japan for more than 30 years. Medicinal mushrooms are now being used in integrative-cancer care circles worldwide.
Controlled clinical trials of many of these mushrooms are becoming more prevalent. For turkey tail mushroom alone, more than 80 clinical trials of its component PSK are listed on the National Institutes of Health’s website: ClinicalTrials.gov. Extensive clinical experience has documented the safety of many mushrooms when used as single agents or combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Countering, or perhaps balancing, the enthusiasm and growing use of mushrooms for medicinal purposes, Nicholas Money, senior editor of the journal Fungal Biology makes the following points:
- No scientific evidence supports the use of mushroom extracts in the treatment of disease.
- Claims about the miraculous properties of medicinal mushrooms should be evaluated critically.
- Secondary metabolites with useful pharmacological properties may be widespread in mushrooms.
- Major investment in objective clinical trials is needed to develop this natural pharmacopeia.
Treating the Cancer
Working against cancer growth or spread, improving survival, or working with other treatments or therapies to improve their anticancer action
One or more of the medicinal mushrooms listed here are known to have effects that are useful in cancer care, affecting cancer directly:
- Anticancer activity (direct and indirect)
- Chemo- and radioprotective activity (protecting non-cancer cells and organs from the harmful effects of these treatments)
- Chemopreventive activity (preventing tumor growth), such as through elimination of prostate cancer stem cells or suppression of the development of premalignant colorectal adenomas
- Countering chemotherapy resistance
Medicinal mushrooms or their constituents have not been proven to be a cure for cancer as a single agent. In a review of integrative treatments for breast cancer, researchers conclude that "more research is needed before use of medicinal mushrooms can be recommended during breast cancer treatment."
Evidence to date suggests that the greatest benefit is when used in conjunction with evidence-based conventional treatment. Lab, animal and/or human evidence indicates medicinal mushrooms are active against specific cancers:
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Specific Mushrooms with Evidence for Use in Cancer
We list here many of the medicinal mushrooms with demonstrated usefulness in cancer with references to more information.
Agaricus blazei Murrill
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Cordyceps sinensis (Caterpillar)
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Flammulina velutipes (Enotake, Enoki, Enokitake, Golden Needle)
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Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi)
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Grifola frondosa (Maitake)
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Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane)
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Inocybeumbrinella (Psilocybin or Magic Mushrooms)
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Inonotus obliquus (Chaga)
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Lentinus (or Lentinula) edodes (Shiitake)
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Phellinus linteus (Meshimakobu, Meshima, Black Hoof)
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Piptoporus betulinus (Kanbatake, The Birch Polypore)
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Pleurotus ostreatus (Hiratake, Oyster)
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Polyporus umbellatus (Zhu Ling)
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Schizophyllum commune (Suehirotake, Split Gill Polypore)
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Trametes versicolor or Coriolus versicolor (Turkey Tail)
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Managing Side Effects and Promoting Wellness
Managing or relieving side effects or symptoms, reducing treatment toxicity, supporting quality of life or promoting general well-being
One or more of the medicinal mushrooms listed on this page are known to have effects that are useful in managing treatment side effects or improving overall health:
- Enhancing appetite
- Reducing anxiety
- Reducing fatigue
- Enhancing cognition
- Improving mood
- Improving quality of life
- Improving sexual dysfunction
- Reducing treatment side effects such as these:
- Nausea
- Bone marrow suppression
- Anemia
- Lowered resistance to infection
After conventional treatment is complete, medicinal mushrooms may be used (particularly in combination with other medicinal mushrooms) as part of an integrative plan to restore health and reduce the risk of recurrence.
Optimizing Your Terrain
One or more of the medicinal mushrooms listed here are known to have effects that are useful in cancer care, affecting cancer directly:
- Anti-oxidative effects
- Anti-inflammatory activity
- Antiviral activity
- Antimicrobial activity
- Immune modulating activity (influencing immune system function)
- Microbiome modulating activity (influencing microbiome function)
Access
Many medicinal mushrooms are widely available without prescription in capsule, liquid tincture, and powdered form. Several are edible, and even the common white mushroom has medicinal properties. Strength and purity of products can vary significantly.
Cautions
Unsupported Claims and Variability
Looking out for exaggerated claims about the medicinal properties of mushrooms is important. Such claims are many, particularly from disreputable individuals or companies simply trying to make money. Reputable companies manufacturing medicinal mushroom products have now backed away from making claims, for instance, that their products can cure cancer or other illnesses. More randomized controlled clinical trials of the effectiveness of medicinal mushrooms in cancer patients are needed. Until such studies are conducted, respected integrative oncology clinicians think sufficient evidence of safety and effect of several medicinal mushrooms exists to recommend using them in combination with conventional cancer treatments.
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The US Food and Drug Administration does not provide strict regulation of herbs and supplements, including medicinal mushrooms. Therefore, strength, purity or safety of individual products is not guaranteed. BCCT recommends that our visitors carefully read product labels.
Side Effects
Medicinal mushrooms, in general, have been shown to be safe when used appropriately. Side effects can occur, but most tend to be mild and temporary. With some mushrooms, more serious problems have been seen infrequently in studies, such as damage to the liver and white blood cells. However, since patients with these effects were also on chemotherapy, ascertaining whether the problems were related to the chemotherapy, the mushrooms and/or the combination is difficult.
Before taking medicinal mushrooms, consult with a healthcare professional—preferably one with expertise in prescribing medicinal mushrooms, such as a traditional Chinese medicine practitioner, naturopathic oncologist or integrative medicine physician. Consult a healthcare professional especially if you have a medical condition or are taking other drugs, herbs or supplements. Consult a healthcare professional immediately if you experience side effects.
Do not take a medicinal mushroom or its extracts if you have a known allergy/hypersensitivity to that mushroom or any of its components.
Preparation
In traditional Chinese medicine and in many of the studies of medicinal mushrooms, hot water extracts have been used. The cell wall of the mushroom is indigestible by humans—hence, eating raw mushrooms for culinary or medicinal reasons is not recommended. Ground mushroom eaten as a powder is irritating to the liver, yet when that ground mushroom is decocted in hot water, the medicinal ingredients become available and it is safer to consume. As a result, several integrative oncology clinicians report that they prescribe hot water extracts of medicinal mushrooms.
Integrative Programs, Protocols and Medical Systems
- Programs and protocols
- Traditional systems
Paul Stamets advises using mushroom products that contain both the water and alcohol extractions, since each contain different medicinally important compounds.
Integrative oncologist and BCCT advisor Keith Block, MD, advises using extracts (rather than eating whole mushrooms) that are blends of several different medicinal mushrooms, including maitake (Grifola frondosa), agaricus (Agaricus blazeii), shiitake (Lentinula or Lentinus edodes), reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), turkey tail (Trametes or Coriolus versicolor), and caterpillar fungus or cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis).
Though even many common edible mushrooms have beneficial nutritional qualities, BCCT advisor Dr. Andrew Weil gives the following caution: “I advise against eating a lot of the familiar cultivated white or “button” mushrooms found on supermarket shelves throughout the United States. (Portobello and cremini mushrooms are the same species.) They are among a number of foods (including celery, peanuts, peanut products, and salted, pickled, or smoked foods) that contain natural carcinogens. We don’t know how dangerous these toxins are, but we do know that they do not occur in other mushrooms [such as shiitake, maitake, reishi, etc.] that offer great health benefits. For the maximum health benefits of mushrooms, I strongly advise against eating these or any other types of mushrooms raw, whether they’re wild or cultivated. If you’re going to eat them, cook them well, at high temperatures, by sauteing, broiling or grilling. Heat breaks down many of the toxic constituents.”
BCCT advisor Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO, August 9, 2018: There are instances when I use specific mushrooms, for instance: Coriolus (aka Trametes) versicolor (turkey tail) for breast cancer, Agaricus blazeii for ovarian cancer and chaga mushroom for melanoma. However, it is a very valuable and reasonable strategy to use a blend that includes mushrooms, each of which is standardized to its polysaccharides and beta-glucans. The key is to use a hot water extract of the fruiting bodies or a full-spectrum extract (includes mycelium) that clearly identifies on its label the quantity of mushroom extract.
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Some blends that I often recommend are:
Per capsule:
- Trametes versicolor (turkey tail) (40% polysaccharides, 40% beta-glucans) - 100mg
- Grifola frondosa (maitake) 40% polysaccharides, 30% beta-glucans - 100mg
- Ganoderma lucidum (reishi), 40% polysaccharides, 15% beta-glucans - 100mg
- Lentinula edodes (shiitake), 409% polysaccharides, 40% beta-glucans - 100mg
I would recommend between 2-3 capsules twice daily.
When recommending single mushrooms, it is important to know how much beta-glucan is in each serving so that I can titrate my dose accordingly. For instance, I often use Grifola frondosa m(aitake) mushroom to increase white blood cell counts. One product I use contains:
Per 6 tablets:
- Maitake (Grifola frondosa) fruiting body powder - 600mg
- Maitake fruiting body extract, standardized to contain 30% D-fraction - 240mg (so 72mg D-fraction beta glucan)
- Vitamin C 120mg (supports bioactivity)
Cost-permitting, in most clinical studies, the daily dose of mushroom extracts that is correlated with improved survival (especially in breast, colorectal, gastric cancers) is 3000mg/day.
Mushrooms do pack a punch! From a meta-analysis on Coriolus versicolor mushroom extracts in patients diagnosed with cancer:
Non-cancer Uses of Medicinal Mushrooms
- Anti-hemorrhagic
- Arteriosclerosis
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders
- Cough
- Diabetes
- Fatigue
- Hepatitis
- Hepatoprotective
- Herpes
- High cholesterol
- HIV and AIDS
- Hypertension
- Immunostimulation
- Infections
- Inflammation
- Nephropathy
- Sexual dysfunction
- Stimulant
- Strength and stamina
- Viral infections
- Urinary tract (lower) symptoms
- Weight loss
BCCT has not reviewed the effectiveness of these mushrooms for non-cancer uses.
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Written by Laura Pole, RN, MSN, OCNS, and Nancy Hepp, MS; most recent update on November 18, 2020. BCCT has not conducted an independent review of medicinal mushroom research. This summary draws from several sources:
- Weil A. Mushrooms for Good Health? Andrew Weil, MD. February 17, 2014. Viewed February 15, 2018.
- National Cancer Institute. Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. National Institutes of Health. Viewed February 15, 2018.
- Money NP. Are mushrooms medicinal? Fungal Biology. 2016 Apr;120(4):449-453.
- Stamets P. MycoMedicinals An Informational Treatise on Mushrooms, 3rd Edition. China: MycoMedia Productions. 2002; Luk SU, Lee TK et al. Chemopreventive effect of PSP through targeting of prostate cancer stem cell-like population. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19804; Wu JM, Doonan BB et al. Recent advances and challenges in studies of control of cancer stem cells and the gut microbiome by the Trametes-derived polysaccharopeptide PSP (review). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2016;18(8):651-660; Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Konishi T. Amelioration of scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by Inonotus obliquus—a medicinal mushroom. Food & Function. Jun 2011;2(6):320-327; Tanigawa K, Itoh Y, Kobayashi Y. Improvement of QOL and immunological function with Lentinula edodes mycelia in patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy: an open pilot study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2016 Jul;22(4):36-42; Ohno S, Sumiyoshi Y et al. Quality of life improvements among cancer patients in remission following the consumption of Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom extract. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2013 Oct;21(5):460-7; Oka S, Tanaka S et al. A water-soluble extract from culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia suppresses the development of colorectal adenomas. Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences. 59 (1): 1-6, 2010; Holliday J, Cleaver M. Medicinal value of the caterpillar fungi species of the genus Cordyceps (Fr.) link (ascomycetes). a review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2008;10(3):219–234; Patel S, Goyal A. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review. 3 Biotech. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-15; Kidd PM. The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Alternative Medicine Review. 2000 Feb;5(1):4-27; Wang CZ, Basila D et al. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat model. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2005;33(5):807-815.
- Lemanne D, Maizes V. Advising women undergoing treatment for breast cancer: a narrative review. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2018 Sep/Oct;24(9-10):902-909.
- Stamets P. MycoMedicinals An Informational Treatise on Mushrooms, 3rd Edition. China: MycoMedia Productions. 2002; Louie B, Rajamahanty S, Won J, Choudhury M, Konno S. Synergistic potentiation of interferon activity with maitake mushroom d-fraction on bladder cancer cells. BJU International. 2010 Apr;105(7):1011-5; Wesa KM, Cunningham-Rundles S et al. Maitake mushroom extract in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): a phase II study. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2015 Feb;64(2):237-47; Ahn WS, Kim DJ et al. Natural killer cell activity and quality of life were improved by consumption of a mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa, in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. Jul-Aug 2004;14(4):589-594.
- Stamets P. MycoMedicinals An Informational Treatise on Mushrooms, 3rd Edition. China: MycoMedia Productions. 2002; Luk SU, Lee TK et al. Chemopreventive effect of PSP through targeting of prostate cancer stem cell-like population. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19804; Wu JM, Doonan BB et al. Recent advances and challenges in studies of control of cancer stem cells and the gut microbiome by the Trametes-derived polysaccharopeptide PSP (review). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2016;18(8):651-660; Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Konishi T. Amelioration of scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by Inonotus obliquus—a medicinal mushroom. Food & Function. Jun 2011;2(6):320-327; Tanigawa K, Itoh Y, Kobayashi Y. Improvement of QOL and immunological function with Lentinula edodes mycelia in patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy: an open pilot study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2016 Jul;22(4):36-42; Ohno S, Sumiyoshi Y et al. Quality of life improvements among cancer patients in remission following the consumption of Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom extract. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2013 Oct;21(5):460-7; Oka S, Tanaka S et al. A water-soluble extract from culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia suppresses the development of colorectal adenomas. Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences. 59 (1): 1-6, 2010; Holliday J, Cleaver M. Medicinal value of the caterpillar fungi species of the genus Cordyceps (Fr.) link (ascomycetes). a review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2008;10(3):219–234; Patel S, Goyal A. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review. 3 Biotech. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-15; Kidd PM. The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Alternative Medicine Review. 2000 Feb;5(1):4-27; Wang CZ, Basila D et al. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat model. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2005;33(5):807-815.
- Stamets P. MycoMedicinals An Informational Treatise on Mushrooms, 3rd Edition. China: MycoMedia Productions. 2002; Luk SU, Lee TK et al. Chemopreventive effect of PSP through targeting of prostate cancer stem cell-like population. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19804; Wu JM, Doonan BB et al. Recent advances and challenges in studies of control of cancer stem cells and the gut microbiome by the Trametes-derived polysaccharopeptide PSP (review). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2016;18(8):651-660; Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Konishi T. Amelioration of scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by Inonotus obliquus—a medicinal mushroom. Food & Function. Jun 2011;2(6):320-327; Tanigawa K, Itoh Y, Kobayashi Y. Improvement of QOL and immunological function with Lentinula edodes mycelia in patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy: an open pilot study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2016 Jul;22(4):36-42; Ohno S, Sumiyoshi Y et al. Quality of life improvements among cancer patients in remission following the consumption of Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom extract. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2013 Oct;21(5):460-7; Oka S, Tanaka S et al. A water-soluble extract from culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia suppresses the development of colorectal adenomas. Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences. 59 (1): 1-6, 2010; Holliday J, Cleaver M. Medicinal value of the caterpillar fungi species of the genus Cordyceps (Fr.) link (ascomycetes). a review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2008;10(3):219–234; Patel S, Goyal A. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review. 3 Biotech. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-15; Kidd PM. The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Alternative Medicine Review. 2000 Feb;5(1):4-27; Wang CZ, Basila D et al. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat model. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2005;33(5):807-815.
- McKinney N. Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition. Victoria, BC, Canada: Liaison Press. 2016. p. 228.
- Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. Berkeley, California: Celestial Arts. 2010; Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Thriving after Cancer: A Five-Step Integrative Plan to Reduce the Risk of Recurrence and Build Lifelong Health. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 2013.
- McKinney N. Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition. Victoria, BC, Canada: Liaison Press. 2016. p. 316.
- Block KI. Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment. New York: Bantam Dell. 2009.
- MacDonald B. The Breast Cancer Companion: A Complementary Care Manual: Third Edition. 2016.
- McKinney N. Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition. Victoria, BC, Canada: Liaison Press. 2016.
- Stamets P. MycoMedicinals An Informational Treatise on Mushrooms, 3rd Edition. China: MycoMedia Productions. 2002. p. 65.
- Block KI. Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment. New York: Bantam Dell. 2009. p. 114.
- Weil A. Mushrooms For Good Health? Andrew Weil, MD. February 17, 2014. Viewed February 15, 2018.
- Eliza WL, Fai CK, Chung LP. Efficacy of Yun Zhi (Coriolus versicolor) on survival in cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery. 2012 Jan;6(1):78-87.
View All References
More Information
- National Cancer Institute: Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version
- Cancer Research UK: Mushrooms in cancer treatment
- Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition:
- Andrew Weil, MD: Mushrooms For Good Health?
- Moss Reports (purchase required): Select from the list of cancers down the left side of the page for a report describing uses of conventional, complementary, alternative and integrative therapies related to that cancer. His discussion of medicinal mushrooms includes recipes for making his “My Mushroom Soup”, which contains a number of anticancer mushrooms. Ralph Moss is among the most knowledgeable and balanced researchers of integrative cancer therapies. The cost of his Moss Reports is not negligible, but many patients find them of considerable value. Moss is also available for consultations.
- Abrams DI, Weil AT. Integrative Oncology, 2nd Edition. Chapter 7: Botanical and mycological medicine in integrative oncology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2014.
- Psychedelic Support
- University of Arizona: Body of Wonder
- Oriveda: Oriveda Medicinal Mushroom Resource Page
- Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine: CanHEAL
- Barbara MacDonald, ND, LAc: The Breast Cancer Companion: A Complementary Care Manual: Third Edition
- Keith Block and others: A Broad-Spectrum Integrative Design for Cancer Prevention and Therapy
- Dwight McKee, MD, editor: Clinical Pearls
- Neil McKinney, BSc, ND: Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition
- Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO, and Karolyn Gazella: The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition
- Keith I. Block, MD: Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment
- National Cancer Institute: Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Health Professionals
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: About Herbs, Botanicals and Other Products
- CAM-Cancer Collaboration: CAM-Cancer
- Michael Lerner: Choices In Healing: Integrating the Best of Conventional and Complementary Approaches to Cancer
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